How could the Rwandan genocide happen? – BBC Africa
25 years ago, over the course of just 100days, about 800, 000 people were slaughtered in Rwanda by ethnic Hutu extremists.
My name is Victoria Uwonkunda.
I’m a journalist with BBC Africa and I wantto explain how this genocide happened.
To understand how the genocide came about, we need to know a bit about the people.
There are two main ethnic groups in Rwanda:Hutus, who make up about 85% of the population and the Tutsis, who are a minority but havelong dominated the country.
Before European colonisers arrived in thelate 19th Century, the Tutsis were mostly aristocratic cattle herders; the Hutus weremainly peasant farmers.
The two groups share the same language andthe both are majority Christian.
In 1959, the Hutus overthrew the Tutsi monarchyand tens of thousands of Tutsis fled to neighbouring countries, including Uganda.
Decades later in the late 1980s, Tutsi refugeesin Uganda – supported by some moderate Hutus – formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), led by Paul Kagame, the current Rwandan president.
Their aim was to overthrow the Hutu PresidentJuvenal Habyarimana and secure the right to return to their homeland.
The RPF invaded Rwanda in 1990.
But In August 1993, after several attacksand months of negotiation, a peace accord was signed between President Habyarimanaand the RPF, but it did little to stop the continued unrest.
Then came the event that sparked the genocide.
On the night of 6 April 1994 a plane carryingPresident Habyarimana and his Burundian counterpart Cyprien Ntaryamira – both Hutus – was shotdown, killing everyone on board.
The mystery of who shot down the plane enduresto this day.
Hutu extremists blamed the RPF and immediatelystarted a well-organised campaign of slaughter.
The RPF said the plane had been shot downby Hutus to provide an excuse for the genocide.
Within hours, a campaign of violence spreadfrom the capital Kigali throughout the country, which would not stop for three months.
The genocide was carried out with meticulousorganisation.
Lists of government opponents were handedout to militias who went and killed them, along with all of their families.
Neighbours killed neighbours and some husbandseven killed their Tutsi wives, saying they would be killed if they refused.
At the time, ID cards had people's ethnicgroup on them, so militias set up roadblocks where Tutsis were slaughtered, often withmachetes.
Thousands of Tutsi women were taken away andkept as sex slaves.
This leads to another question:How could the international community allow this to happen? Let’s start with the UN.
The UN and Belgium actually had forces inRwanda – but the UN mission was not given a mandate to intervene and stop the killing.
The UN force commander in Rwanda sent a now infamous cable to the UN headquarters in New York.
In it he warned of intelligence about a Hutuplan to exterminate Tutsis.
A response came the same day, from the deskof Kofi Annan, head of U.
N.
peacekeeping at the time, failing to act on the recommendations.
Three months later, all the warnings cametrue.
The French, who were allies of the Hutu government, sent a special force to evacuate their citizens but were accused of not doing enough to stopthe slaughter Paul Kagame, Rwanda's current president, hasaccused France of backing those who carried out the massacres – a charge denied by Paris.
Meanwhile the US didn’t want to get involvedin another African conflict after The Battle of Mogadishu, which lead to the death of 18US soldiers in Somalia a year earlier.
So what made the killings so organised? Rwanda has always been a tightly controlledsociety, organised like a pyramid from each district up to the top of government.
The then governing party, MRND, had a youthwing called the Interahamwe, which was turned into a militia to carry out the slaughter.
Weapons and hit lists were handed out to localgroups, who knew exactly where to find their targets.
The Hutu extremists set up a radio stationsand newspapers which broadcast hate propaganda, urging people to “weed out the cockroaches”– meaning kill the Tutsis.
The well-organised RPF, backed by Uganda'sarmy, gradually seized more territory, until 4 July, when its forces marched into the capital, Kigali.
Some two million Hutus – both civilians andsome of those involved in the genocide – then fled across the border into DR Congo, at thattime called Zaire, fearing revenge attacks.
Many also fled to Tanzania and Burundi.
Two weeks later, on 18 July, the RPF announcedthat the war is over, declared a cease-fire and named Pastor Bizimungu as president.
Human rights groups say the RPF killed thousandsof Hutu civilians as they took power – and more after they went into DR Congoto pursue the Interahamwe.
The RPF denies this.
What’s Rwanda like now? RPF leader and current President Paul Kagamehas been hailed for overseeing rapid economic growth in the tiny country.
He has also tried to turn Rwanda into a technologicalhub.
But his critics say he does not tolerate dissentand several opponents have met unexplained deaths.
Have the guilty faced justice? More than 1.
2 million people were tried inlocal courts for their role in the genocide and dozens of senior Hutu officials were convictedat a UN tribunal in neighbouring Tanzania.
It is now illegal to talk about ethnicityin Rwanda – the government says this is to prevent more bloodshed but some say it preventstrue reconciliation and is just putting a lid on tensions, which might only boil overagain in the future.
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